The doctrine that the content of the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is included in the content of its premises, taken jointly, is a familiar one. It has important consequences for the question of what value valid arguments possess, since it indicates the poverty of three traditional answers: that arguments may and should be used as instruments of persuasion, that they may and should be used as instruments of justification; and that they may and should be used to advance knowledge. The truth is, however, that in each of these cases the argument has only a managerial role and, if there is any work done, it is the premises that do it. It will be maintained that this point has little force against the critical rationalist answer, which I shall defend, that the principal purpose of deductive reasoning from an assemblage of premises is the exploration of their content, facilitating their criticism and rejection. That said, the main aim of the present paper is not to promote critical rationalism but to consider some published objections to the doctrine that a statement asserts every statement that is validly deducible from it. The alleged counterexamples to be considered fall roughly into two groups: statements that emerge with time from a rich mathematical or empirical theory, but were originally unformulated and are deducible from the theory only in a non-trivial way (Frederick 2011, 2014; Williamson 2012); and statements, notably disjunctions, that are easily formulated and are deducible from a theory in a trivial way (Schurz & Weingartner 1987; Mura 1990, 2008; Gemes 1994; Yablo 2014). Each of these counterexamples will be evaluated and dismissed.

The contents of the textbook should be organized in such a way that the student, as they move along the smooth path, gradually becomes involved in the concept of step-by-step learning in an upward spiral, thus contributing to the production of the concept. Through discovery, some is achieved through engaging in process-based activities and through quantification through interaction with others. In all these stages, the overriding focus of active learning over the passive learning volume is, therefore, textbooks. They should be formulated to this end and deficiencies The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of elementary tertiary science books from the perspective of active and inactive content using William Roman method. The sample consisted of 14 pages of two chapters of the book that were selected by simple random sampling. In each chapter, all sentences, pictures and activities were selected and coded. It is less than 0. 4, which means the text failed to get enough students to do the work. Coefficient 1. 5 indicates a high level of involvement in the activities. The images are moderately involved and have a coefficient of between 0. 4 and 1. 5. Active activities are covered.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the content of thermodynamics in the textbooks of the chemistry of the high school in the recent century according to the method of William Romey. The statistical population includes 24 high school chemistry textbooks in 7 time periods. First, in each period, thermodynamic content was identified and determined that from 1304 (beginning of secondary education in Iran) to 1354, the thermodynamic content in the second-high school chemistry textbooks was very low, so the thermodynamic content after 1354 with William Rumi technique including text Images and questions were coded and reviewed in specific categories. The results of this study showed that the trend of changing the coefficient of involvement of categories (index of students' activity in the learning process) text, images and questions in the years 54 to 72: 0. 285, 1. 750, 1. 250 years 72-79, respectively.: 0. 077, 0. 916, 0. 782, years 79 to 95: 0. 409, 2. 266, 2. 071 and 95 so far: 0. 245, 1. 333, 5. 308, so in the text, it is less than desirable and inactive. The images are desirable and active, and the queries are more than all-encompassing and inactive.

The textbook as the main scientific resource guides the teacher and the student activities to achieve educational goals. Textbook content analysis enables the authors of the book to apply the results to improve the book. Chemistry is one of the most widely used fields which is very important in different fields. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the content of the first chapter of Chemistry Book grade 12, using William Romey's technique and determine the significance coefficient of each active, inactive and neutral categories by Shannon entropy method. The purpose of this study is applied and method is descriptive and of content analysis. To determine the validity of this study, the components of William Romey technique were used and Holsti formula was used to determine the reliability. The results showed that the engagement coefficient for the text of the first chapter was equal to 0. 423 and was designed in the active way for William Romey but for images and questions it was obtained 2. 083 and 16. 4 respectively, which indicates inactive design. Also, based on the results of Shannon entropy method, the mean information load and the importance coefficient of the inactive categories were higher than the active one, while for images and queries it was the opposite.

Introduction: Factors affecting hatchability are mentioned as important indicators in breeder flocks’ performance, one of these elements is fertility. Roosters’ as half part of fertility have great role and aging reduces their fertility. The biologic system in live organisms such as animals is under permanent attack due to natural consequence of the body’s normal metabolic activity that produces free radicals. It has been revealed that phospholipid fraction of avian spermatozoa membranes has high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and it is the reason why the spermatozoa are susceptible to free radical attack. During evolution, to deal with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms. Therefore, as a major factor, presence of natural antioxidants in living organisms enables their survival in an oxygen-rich environment. To maintain sperm fertilizing ability, an antioxidant defense system is a crucial point. In avian semen the antioxidant system consists of natural antioxidants together with enzymes that have antioxidant characteristics such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) protects sperm against free radicals and their destructive metabolites. Antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium (Se) have remarkable roles in avian reproduction. To gain gross reproductive performances in commercial poultry, supplementation of antioxidant at an optimum level is thought to be necessary. By using additives such as selenium we can help delaying this reduction through antioxidant properties of Se. Replacing inorganic Se by new types of Se sources like the nano form in poultry diet improves fertility. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Nano-Selenium (Nano-Se) in comparison with sodium selenite on serum selenoprotein p (SEPP1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) content in broiler breeder roosters.Material and Method: In the present study, a total of thirty Arbor Acres Broiler Breeder roosters (40 weeks old) were randomly divided into five experimental groups. Each of which included 3 replicates of 2 birds. Relevant catalog recommended distribution of 160 gr of diet per rooster per day for broiler breeder males. After one-week adaptation they were fed with the basal diet (T1) supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg Sodium Selenite (T2), 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), 0.3 mg/kg nano-Se (T4) and 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5). The duration of feeding experiment was four weeks. At the end of adaptation week, blood samples were collected (2.5 ml) and after separating the serum, they were stored in -20°C refrigerator. Another sampling was two weeks later in the middle of experiment that again blood samples were collected and their serum were stored at -20°C. Four weeks after the treatment was done at the end of experiment, the roosters were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, the 3rd and last sampling was implemented at the end of experiment that as in the previous sampling was done, the blood samples were centrifuged and separated serum was stored in -20°C. Then serum concentration of the antioxidant “SEPP1” was measured by ELISA method and “GPx” was analyzed using a spectrophotometry kit.Results and discussion: The values of SEPP1 and GPx serum concentration obtained at the first time sampling showed no significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05). Serum SEPP1 concentration examination in the second sampling showed that roosters fed with both mineral and nano form of selenium supplements, had significantly higher concentrations of selenoprotein P in their serum, compared to the control group (P < 0.05) which the highest concentration was related to the treatment of 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se (T5) in their diet. Among the two groups of treatment 2 and treatment 3, which were fed 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite (T2) and 0.15 mg/kg nano-Se (T3), respectively, treatment 3 had higher concentration. The results of examining the SEPP1 serum concentration for the final time at the end of the study indicated that there is a process similar to the trend of changes in the serum concentration of selenoprotein P that was seen in the second sampling step. The only difference observed in serum concentration results of the second sampling compared to third time was that the difference between the T2 and T3 treatments was greater in the last sampling. Simultaneously with SEPP1 analysis, serum glutathione peroxidase concentration was measured in three sampling times. At the second time sampling of serum GPx concentration, evaluation of the serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase revealed that the serum concentrations of this selenoprotein in broiler breeder roosters in groups T5, T4, T3 and T2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher relative to its concentration in control group (T1). The difference between serum concentration of control group and T3 treatment was not significant (P < 0.05), also the difference in serum concentration of this selenoprotein between treatments T4 and T5 was not significant (P < 0.05). At the end of the study, after the third sampling and evaluation, the results of GPx serum concentrations revealed that all treatments showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and with increasing the amount of nano-Se in the diet from 0.15 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg nano-Se, serum concentrations of glutathione peroxidase showed an increasing trend. Based on a consideration of all experiment indexes, in this research 0.6 mg/kg is suggested to be the best level of supplementation of nano-Se, and nano-Se showed higher contents of serum SEPP1 and GPx at the same amounts of nano-Se and sodium selenite supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of nano-Se was more effective than sodium selenite on serum SEPP1 and GPx concentration of tested selenoproteins in broiler breeder males.

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the content of the geology section of middle school science textbooks of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades of 1401 edition from the perspective of being active or inactive using William Rumi's content analysis method. This applied research was done with a descriptive method and in an objective and quantitative way. The statistical population of this research is all the content of the geology section of the middle school science textbooks, which included text, pictures and questions. Also, in order to achieve accurate and reliable results, sampling was not used in this research and the entire content of the book was examined. The results showed that the engagement coefficient with the text in the total of eight chapters of geology of middle school science textbooks is 0.2837, the engagement coefficient with images is 0.4031, and the engagement coefficient with questions is 4.3; which indicates that the textual content of the textbook is inactive and also indicates that the content of both the pictures and questions is active.

The evolution of the educational system is equivalent to the transformation of the country's human resources and future construction. One of the most important and fundamental elements of any educational system is the textbook, and the improvement of this sector will lead to important changes in society and extensive change in learning. In this study, the twelfth grade biology textbook of the second year of high school in the field of experimental sciences in 1398 was examined according to the active-passive pattern of William Rumi. The research method is content analysis. The Statistical Society of Research is the twelfth grade biology textbook for the second year of high school in the field of experimental sciences in 1398. According to the research findings, the learner's coefficient of conflict in the text and image sections was 0. 30 and 0. 988, respectively. The results show that the book is inactive in text and image sections. Being active means that the student is involved in the learning process; A power that is not seen in passive education.